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Arbitrum vs Optimism Rollups

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  Arbitrum vs Optimism Rollup Big picture first (same for both) Both Optimism and Arbitrum are: Optimistic rollups Assume transactions are correct by default Post: Compressed transaction data to Ethereum (for data availability) State roots to Ethereum Allow fraud proofs during a challenge window (~7 days) So security model = Ethereum L1 Now the real differences are in: Execution model Fraud proof design How user operations are processed internally How user operations (transactions) enter the system Common flow (both) User sends a transaction It goes to a Sequencer Sequencer: Orders transactions Executes them Produces a new L2 state Sequencer submits: Transaction data → Ethereum calldata State root → Ethereum contract Now differences begin. 2️⃣ Optimism: EVM-equivalent, simple execution 🧠 Core idea “Make L2 behave exactly like Ethereum, just cheaper.” How Optimism handles user operations Execution mo...
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Networking Layer

  Networking Layer  The two brains inside one Ethereum node Every modern Ethereum node has two separate programs running: 1️⃣ Execution Client (EL) 👉 Think “WHAT happened?” Handles: Transactions Smart contract execution Account balances EVM Examples: Geth, Nethermind, Erigon 2️⃣ Consensus Client (CL) 👉 Think “DO we all agree this happened?” Handles: Blocks Validators Attestations Finality (PoS logic) Examples: Prysm, Lighthouse, Teku 💡 These two must talk to each other , but they also talk to other nodes . That’s why networking looks complex. Why TWO P2P networks? Because different data has different needs . Layer What it gossips Why Execution P2P Transactions Need fast spread Consensus P2P Blocks, attestations Need global agreement So Ethereum uses: Execution-layer P2P network Consensus-layer P2P network Separate highways 🚧 Step 1: How a new node finds friends (Discovery) Question: How does a brand-new...
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MEV-Boost

  MEV-Boost First, one simple idea to hold in your head MEV-Boost separates “who builds the block” from “who proposes the block”. That’s it. Everything else is detail. Think of it like this 👇 Builder = expert chef (finds best MEV, arranges transactions) Validator (Proposer) = judge (just picks the best dish, doesn’t cook) Why is MEV dangerous without MEV-Boost? Let’s ask WHY first. Without MEV-Boost: Validators: See all transactions Decide order Capture MEV themselves Big validators: Invest in better bots Earn more MEV Get bigger Become centralized Users: Get frontrun Pay higher gas Get sandwich attacked So the problem is power concentration . What MEV-Boost does (super simple flow) Step 1: Searchers find MEV Searchers = bots/traders They find arbitrage, liquidations, etc. They do NOT send txs to public mempool 👉 This avoids frontrunning wars. Step 2: Builders build blocks Builders: Collect...
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Top-to-bottom map of how an Ethereum node is structured

 T op-to-bottom map of how an Ethereum node is structured 🔵 TOP LEVEL: The Node A “node” = Execution Client (EL) + Consensus Client (CL) working together. ┌─────────────────────────┐ │ Ethereum Node │ │ (EL client + CL client) │ └─────────────────────────┘ 🔥 1. CONSENSUS CLIENT (CL) Main job: Follow PoS consensus, manage validators, attestations, sync committees, fork-choice. Examples: Prysm, Lighthouse, Teku, Nimbus, Lodestar ✔ Components inside CL Consensus Client │ ├── Beacon Node │ ├── p2p Networking (gossip, sync) │ ├── Beacon Chain database (slots, epochs, states) │ ├── Fork Choice (LMD-GHOST) │ ├── State Transition (processing blocks) │ ├── Sync Committee logic │ └── REST API (for monitoring) │ └── Validator Client ├── Proposer duties ├── Attester duties ├── Aggregator duties ├── Slashing Protection DB └── Signs dut...
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Consensus Client (CL) & Execution Client (EL)

Consensus Client (CL) &  Execution Client (EL)   ✅ The Two-Client Architecture (CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND) Every Ethereum node (full node or validator) runs two clients : 1. Execution Client (EL) – Geth, Nethermind, Erigon Verifies transactions (nonce, signature, gas, balance) Executes smart contracts (EVM) Maintains the world state Computes stateRoot Verifies execution payloads of blocks 2. Consensus Client (CL) – Prysm, Lighthouse, Teku, Nimbus Runs the Beacon Chain Handles validators, attestations, committees Chooses the head block (LMD-GHOST) Finalizes the chain Gossips blocks, attestations, sync messages Communication Between EL & CL: They talk through a local API called Engine API (JSON-RPC over pipe/HTTP). This API sends messages like: CL → EL : “Here is a new block’s execution payload, verify it.” EL → CL : “Execution payload is valid, here is the new stateRoot.” EL → CL : “Here is your suggested new block’s payload.” (wh...
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